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In analytical chemistry, perchloric acid (HClO4) plays an important role. This strong acid has diverse applications but also requires special precautions. In this blog post, we take a closer look at the properties and uses of perchloric acid.

What is Perchloric Acid?

Perchloric acid is a colorless, extremely corrosive, and oxidizing liquid. It is one of the strongest known acids and has a pH value of approximately -10. Perchloric acid is highly soluble in water and dissociates completely into perchlorate ions (ClO4-) and protons (H+).

The production of perchloric acid is carried out industrially through the electrolysis of sodium chlorate solutions. This initially produces chloric acid (HClO3), which is then further oxidized to perchloric acid.

Applications of Perchloric Acid

Due to its exceptional strength and oxidizing power, perchloric acid finds diverse uses in analytical chemistry:

Sample Digestion

Perchloric acid is an excellent solvent for preparing solid samples for analysis. It can completely digest organic materials such as tissue, plants, or plastics and bring the contained elements into solution.

Oxidation and Ashing

Perchloric acid is highly suitable for the digestion and oxidation of organic substances. It is therefore frequently used in ashing procedures to prepare samples for elemental analysis.

Complex Formation

The perchlorate ions can form stable complexes with many metal ions. This enables the selective separation and enrichment of specific elements from solutions.

Acid Titration

Perchloric acid is used as a titrant in acid-base titrations, especially when very precise pH measurements are required.

Special Applications

Furthermore, perchloric acid is used in the production of propellants, explosives, ceramics, and glass. It has also found application in medical technology and the electronics industry.

Precautions for Handling Perchloric Acid

Perchloric acid is an extremely dangerous substance that must be handled with the utmost caution. Due to its corrosive effect, oxidizing power, and explosion hazard, special safety measures are required:

Personal Protective Equipment

When handling perchloric acid, wearing suitable protective equipment is essential. This includes acid-resistant gloves, safety goggles, a face shield, and a lab coat.

Storage and Transport

Perchloric acid must always be stored separately from combustible materials and reducing agents. During transport, the applicable hazardous materials regulations must be observed.

Disposal

Perchloric acid solutions must be disposed of properly. They must never be released into the sewer system or the environment.

Emergency Measures

In case of contact with perchloric acid, first aid measures must be taken immediately. The affected body parts should be rinsed with plenty of water.

Conclusion

Due to its exceptional chemical properties, perchloric acid is an important reagent in analytical chemistry. However, its use requires the utmost caution and adherence to strict safety measures. Only in this way can handling this dangerous substance be made safe.