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Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) is one of the most important chemical compounds widely used in industry and household. As one of the strongest mineral acids, it has a variety of applications but also special properties that must be considered when handling it. In this article, you will learn more about the chemical properties of sulfuric acid, its uses, and how to handle it safely.

Chemical properties of sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid is a colorless, oily liquid that has a high viscosity at room temperature. It is a diprotic acid, meaning it can donate two hydrogen ions (H⁺). Its density is about 1.84 g/cm³ and the pH value ranges between -3 and 1 depending on concentration.

The most important chemical properties of sulfuric acid include:

Strong acidity

Sulfuric acid is one of the strongest mineral acids. It dissociates almost completely in aqueous solution into hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻). Therefore, it has a very low pH value and reacts strongly acidic.

High reactivity

Due to its acidity, sulfuric acid is very reactive. It can react violently with many substances, especially bases, metals, and organic compounds. This can produce heat, vapors, and even explosive mixtures.

Oxidizing power

Concentrated sulfuric acid is a strong oxidizing agent. It can ignite easily flammable materials such as wood, paper, or textiles and oxidize organic compounds with the release of water.

Hygroscopicity

Sulfuric acid has a high affinity for water. It absorbs moisture from the surrounding air and can thereby increase in volume. Diluting it with water also generates a lot of heat.

These properties make sulfuric acid a useful but also dangerous substance that must be handled carefully.

Applications of sulfuric acid

Due to its diverse properties, sulfuric acid is used in numerous industrial sectors:

Chemical Industry

In the chemical industry, sulfuric acid is an important raw material for the production of fertilizers, dyes, plastics, explosives, and many other products.

Metal processing

Sulfuric acid is used in pickling, electroplating, and surface treatment of metals. It serves here to remove oxides and impurities.

Energy industry

In lead-acid batteries, as used in motor vehicles, sulfuric acid is the electrolyte. It also plays an important role in the production of fuel cells.

Paper production

Sulfuric acid is used in the production of pulp and paper to break down and bleach wood.

Food industry

In food processing, sulfuric acid is used as an acidulant, preservative, and auxiliary agent in the production of gelatin, sugar, and starch.

Laboratories

In the chemical laboratory, sulfuric acid is an indispensable reagent for titrations, digestions, and syntheses.

This list shows how versatile sulfuric acid is used. However, handling this acid requires special precautions.

Safe handling of sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid is a potentially dangerous substance due to its properties. Improper handling can cause serious injuries and damage to materials. Therefore, the following safety rules must be observed:

Personal protective equipment

When handling sulfuric acid, wearing appropriate protective equipment is mandatory. This includes safety goggles, acid-resistant gloves, apron, and closed shoes.

Storage and Transport

Sulfuric acid must be stored in tightly sealed, shatterproof containers. The storage room should be well ventilated and protected from direct sunlight. Applicable hazardous materials regulations must be observed during transport.

Dilution and mixing

When diluting concentrated sulfuric acid with water, a lot of heat is generated. Therefore, the acid must always be added slowly and with constant stirring to the water, never the other way around.

Disposal

Sulfuric acid residues and solutions must be disposed of properly. Depending on concentration and contamination, neutralization or discharge into the sewage system may be necessary.

First Aid

In case of contact with sulfuric acid, eyes and skin must be rinsed immediately with plenty of water. If swallowed, medical help is required immediately.

Compliance with these safety measures is essential to avoid accidents with sulfuric acid and to protect people and the environment.

Conclusion

Sulfuric acid is a versatile but also dangerous substance due to its chemical properties. Handling it requires special precautions to prevent injuries and damage. However, with the right knowledge and proper handling, sulfuric acid can be used safely and efficiently in industry, research, and households.

If you have further questions about sulfuric acid or need products for your business, do not hesitate to contact us. The ChemMarkt.de team will be happy to advise you!